Pharmacodynamics and Potential Adverse Effects

Question: Describe about the Pharmacodynamics and Potential Adverse Effects? Answer: A: Pharmacokinetics- This concept refers to the manner a body usually reacts to various drugs. This explains largely about physiological matter which occurs once the drug enters into a body. However, the concept of pharmacokinetics includes absorption, breakdown, distribution and clearance of drugs from a human body. B: Pharmacodynamics: This concept relates to the biochemical as well as physiological processes underpinning actions of drugs, that is mechanism of actions of drugs, reflecting how drugs impact upon body. It involves physical action as well as chemical actions , also through actions of receptor/enzymes. Plasma protein binding: This concept means abilities of drugs to bind proteins along with blood plasma. Considerable level of influences of plasma protein bond upon metabolism of drugs and removal of protein included drugs refers to the increment within the drugs half-life. In addition, the extent to which drug may be added to plasma proteins impacts upon its distribution in multiple ways. Binding of Plasma protein tends to lessen the drug availability for act of diffusion or transporting to the target organ of drug since generally, only the unbound drug form can capably diffusing across membranes (YOKOMASU et al., 2008). Plasma protein binding can also lessen the transportation of drugs towards nonvascular compartments like adipose tissue. On account that a highly protein-included drug intends to stay in the systemic circulation, the drug bears a relatively less volume of distribution. Co-administration of several drugs, each being is highly bound towards plasma protein may lead to a greater than expected concentration of plasma of free form including one or more drugs. This may even occur due to the competence of co-administered drugs for similar binding place upon plasma protein. Increasing concentration of free drug may have have the potential to result in enhanced therapeutic or toxic impacts of drug. 3: A patient involved in consuming anticoagulant drug warfarin must not be recommended with salicylate drug aspirin simultaneously unless these people undergo vascular surgery. It is because both of the mentioned drugs include protein bound, also that aspirin possess much stronger affinity for proteins than that of warfarin; therefore aspirin (strong binder) dislocates warfarin (weak binder). Minute amounts of drug warfarin joins to protein places and so highly active warfarin (free drug) exists within the blood, quite like administering dos enhanced age of warfarin. It may poison the patient as well as result in heavy bleeding, and sometimes even prove more fatal, as warfarin is considered as a highly toxic drug as well as aspirin is said to intensify actions as well as effects of the drugs. Aspirin is said to offer alternatives to individuals that possessed blood clots within the deep veins. It usually never bears the prolonged utilization thinner blood. On the other side, prolonged utilization of warfarin is not appropriate at all and rather inconvenient (Yang and Rodrigues, 2010). Thus, using aspirin within the administered anticoagulant can impact upon the block of vitamin K. Block of vitamin K restricts clotting of blood which gets increased at the time of preparing fibrin. The aspirin when utilized to care for the patients, these drugs do not restrict the blood chemical from working thrombin. 4: Hepatic first pass effect means the process in which drugs pass to the bloodstream or even the lymph directly from the intestine, and from there towards the liver to get metabolised as well as largely destroyed. The importance of emphasizing upon hepatic first pass impact while administering oral drugs refers to the fact that majority of drugs are usually metabolized by liver. Here, only a small amount of any active drug moves from liver to any other circulatory systems. But, availability of the drug may be referred as considerably lessened by the first pass technique. Other means of drug administration like intravenous, sublingual, intramuscular and suppository may in fact evade such first pass effect since they allow drug absorption into systemic circulation (Wright, 2000). Main four primary systems which impact first pass effect of drugs are the enzymes of the gastrointestinal lumen, bacterial enzymes, gut wall enzymes, and hepatic enzymes. The drug absorption is specifically d etermined by the bioavailability of drugs like a drug which bears poor absorption when these are administered orally may be induced using different routes like intravenously or inhalation for example. 5: Half life: This concept refers to required time in the process of concentration of serum plasma within the human body for decreasing to half (50%); at least four or five half-lives to steady state. Prescribers often face several potential issues related to drugs administration; nevertheless quite imperative for these prescribers to accept factors which impact half life of drug like that of structure of drug, individual ability of drug metabolising, age, weight, lipophilic nature of the drug, stomach acidity (pH) and that of intestines (Bae et al., 2009). 6: The concept of Steady state concentration of drug means concentration achieved on administering drug equally to the quantity of drug removed within single dosing interval leading to a constant level of serum drug. As repeated drug doses are administered, the plasma concentration develops that reaches a level of steady state. It is when the level of drug within the plasma has developed a concentration extent which is therapeutically effective. As long as regular doses would be administered for balancing the level of drug that is cleared the drug would remain active(Banker and Clark, 2008). The normal time that is taken for reaching the steady state is around four or five times the half life of such a drug. 7: Characteristics of enzymes: In a chemical manner, normally enzymes are globular proteins (for instance, molecules of RNA and ribosome) that are basically found within nuclear cellular areas. These enzymes are basic reactants which usually break down highly complex chemical compounds. These permit occurrence of chemical reaction which has a fast property suitable for supporting life. These enzymes are not changed at the time of chemical reaction, remain available only in small amounts within cells; however, these are quite specific for their own substrate. The distinction between competitive as well as non-competitive inhibition refers to the fact that during competitive inhibition process, drug normally resembles that of an enzyme substrate or natural receptor, and so said to compete with specific natural substrate to bind into the site of binding upon the enzyme(Caldwell, 2005). For instance, specific antimicrobials like sulphonamides as well as bactrim possess same structure of para-4-aminobenzoic acid (PABA). The sulphonamides is said to compete to bind to any enzyme which prepares folic acid from PABA; so this inhibits chemical reaction. During the process of non-competitive inhibition, normally drug does not reflect natural substrate, yet binds to another alternative place upon the enzyme, and then changes the entire structure of the receptor or enzyme so that no longer it may bind with any natural substrate. For instance, heavier metals such as mercury, arsenic, carbon monoxide usually bind irreversibly with haemoglobin at place apart from oxygen. 8: Agonist usually refers to a drug that changes the physiology of any cell by means of bind with a plasma membrane or even intracellular receptors like nor-adrenaline or nor-epinephrine. Antagonist means a drug which blocks the receptor to prevent endogenous neurotransmitters from binding. Any drug which acts as an antagonist actually blocks responses initiated by agonists. Here, Atropine is said to work by binding with any acetylcholine receptors at nerve synapse, thereby allowing no messages to transmit (Chengliang, 2012). Main impacts of atropine include an increase of heart rate along with sometimes a tachycardia and inhibition of secretions (that causes a dry mouth) as well as relaxation of smooth muscle within the gut, biliary tree or urinary tract. As atropine passes the barrier of blood brain, central nervous system impacts may be experienced like during amnesia, confusion or excitation. Dilation of pupil as well as paralysis of accommodation takes place, along with an enhancement of intraocular pressure particularly within patients suffering from glaucoma (Doern, 2001). Other advantageous impacts of such atropine are its ability for decreasing gastrointestinal secretions, gastric juice, and motility specifically for patients having peptic ulcers. 9: Phenelzine as well as broad beans: both these drugs have impacts upon serotonin which is a chemical existent in brain. If these substances get combined, possibility of danger may arise that may cause severe effects with excessive accumulation of chemical serotonin within the brain. Tetracyclines as well as antacids: at some phase antacids include aluminium that may combine along with tetracycline including the amount of it absorbed within the body and this may be reduced drastically (EL-LAKKANY and NOSSEIR, 2007). Therefore, lesser effective tetracycline would be available within the body for utilizing. Therefore, it may fail to prove effective in targeting or even fighting infections. Alcohol as well as diazepam: Alcohol as well as diazepam form central nervous system depressants which mean that they may reduce activity of brain. Consequently, consumption of alcohol during ongoing treatment with this diazepam can cause serious negative reactions resulting in impaired judgment. For daily consumption of alcohol, often liver enzymes get stimulated constantly that induces tolerance towards the drug and thereby reducing the impacts(Tominaga, 2002). Part of the autonomic nervous system of Mr.FT which is affected by Malathion constitutes parasympathetic nervous system. Like all organophosphate insecticides, Malathion inhibits the acetylcholinesterase as well as alters transmission of cholinergic synaptic. Hence, when parasympathetic division gets activated, it would lead to production of some major effects such as pupil constriction, secretion from digestive glands like that of salivation, duodenal glands, gastric glands, pancreas, intestinal glands, and the liver, also vomiting as well as diarrhoea, enhanced activity of smooth muscle with gastrointestinal tract, decreased heart rate, constriction of bronchi and also negative inotropic impacts, contracting of urinary bladder during urination, and relaxation of rectum at the time of defecation (Hee Lee, 2000). Various sorts of tissue receptor which are likely to get affected are that of muscarinic (located at junction of cholinergic neuromuscular within division of parasympathetic, also some within sympathetic division) as well as nicotinic (located upon surfaces of ganglionic cells of parasympathetic as well as sympathetic divisions located at the junction of neuromuscular belonging to somatic nervous system) receptors (Savarese, 2005). Mechanism of Organophosphate insecticides in toxicity refers to the acetylcholinesterase inhibition, causing an accumulation of neurotransmitter acetylcholine as well as continuous stimulation of receptors of acetylcholine. The Organophosphate insecticides is said to induce the parasympathetic nervous system with an enzyme named phosphorylating acetylcholinesterase (that binds irreversibly along with that of acetylcholinesterase) at every nerve ending. The enzyme Acetylcholinesterase is breaks down acetylcholine within the junction of neuromuscular. It causes a loss of acetylcholinesterase in order that effecter organ gets overstimulated with immense of acetylcholine at nerve ending (Hui, 2012). The mechanism is said to impact both muscarinic as well as nicotinic receptors within parasympathetic as well as sympathetic systems along with that of neuromuscular junctions. Organophosphate insecticides usually resemble that of clinical drugs named anticholinesterase in context to its action. Thus, the clinical drug groups are quite similar in context to their actions- physostigmine, neostigmine; but these drugs often have reversible impacts(Jusko, 2012). It shows that these drugs may possess capability to displace the insecticides from those enzymes, thereby reactivating the activity of cholinesterase. Further, drug like echothiophate iodide also an irreversible organophosphate anticholinesterase used clinically. The standard process of treatment for Mr FT would include reactivation of inhibited acetylcholinesterase along with an antidote named oxime and that of pralidoxime as well as reversing of biochemical impacts of acetylcholine along with atropine. Pralidoxime Iodide: Pralidoxime is said to reverse depression of cholinesterase and so relieves both muscarinic as well as nicotinic impacts of poisoning. It is said to work with reactivating of cholinesterase including that of slowing the process of ageing of phosphorylated cholinesterase towards a non-reactivatable form (Lemley et al., 2010). Atropine Sulphate: The purpose of atropine antidotal therapy in case of organophosphate poisoning includes antagonising the impacts of increased concentrations of acetylcholine in organs with muscarinic receptors. This serves as strong blocking agent for acetylcholine but ineffective to reverse the process of inhibition of cholinesterase. The chronic disease that has been affecting people from all the age group is asthma. There is obstruction in the flow of air. It shows problems in the respiration of the individual. The National Health campaign aims at management of the Asthma of the individuals. This will improve the well being of the individuals and the severances of the symptoms of the disease will be reduced. a.) Management of Asthma long term mission The chronic symptoms causing discomfort such as breathlessness, coughing should be averted. The normal function of the pulmonary has to be preserved. Exercise has to be done to preserve the normal activity (LeWitt, 2014). The need for the visit to the emergency departments at hospitals has to be avoided. Medication with little side effects has to be taken. The management technique of families for asthma has to be followed. b.) Treatment of acute Asthma First line therapy The inflammation of the lungs is stabilized by this technique. This is done by the passage ways of the lungs are prevented from getting inflated. This is achieved by the inhalation of corticosteroids or the prophylactic agents for the attacks of asthma. An inhaled 2 agonist has to be used if the propensity to exposure increases. The bronchodilators can be combined with the nebulizer to for a patient suffering from severe attack of asthma. Oral administration of corticosteroids during the asthmatic attack can be helpful (Ra, 2014). This has helped to stop the saturation by 93%. Rectification of the hypoxic condition of a child is important to prevent the child from asthmatic attack. The treatment to the child can be provided by treating with 2 agonists. The oral way of treatment via the corticosteroids is also useful. The metered dose salbutamol inhaler is very effective in getting positive results. The inflammation of the passage of the airway characterizes Asthma. This concludes in attack by asthma creating an obstruction with the airflow through the air ways. The bulge of the mucous membrane causes the obstruction. The fluid inside the airways which is inflammatory and the muscle contraction also causes obstruction. Children Can have severe obstruction in the flow of air for having a small way for passage of air. If not avoided then smoking, respiratory infection, air pollution, fumes, airborne allergen, certain type of foods and dusts contributes to the attack in BBs in asthma. The inhale corticosteroids are very effectual (anti-inflammatory potential) manager for the control in long-term and are widely chosen by patients who grow to unrelenting asthma syndrome. Nevertheless, the use of inhaled corticosteroids therapy for control in long term concentrated on treatment of inflammatory system and has the ability to prevent the inflammation occurrence and reduce the inflammatory airway, while preventing serious symptoms of asthma and preserving control over them (Seyberth, Rane and Schwab, 2011). a) According to the encountered short-term effects after using corticosteroids inhale, the range of likely negative effects is expected to develop infections which are opportunistic in nature like the Candida albicans pharyngeal and the croaky voice concluding the immune function being suppressed of pharyngeal mucosa after utilizing the corticosteroids (Scully, 2008). It should be kept in mind as in case of the children these agents stifle the hypothalamic-pituitary region particularly when they are directed for a long time period at a very high dose. Children who suffer from mild asthma were observed with growth disturbance in short term which is a side effect of inhaling corticosteroids (Johnson, 2010). According to some data there is a propensity for affecting bone mineralization after using corticosteroids. It can also increase in the suppression of adrenal and syndrome of drug-induced Cushings as a termination (Walsh, Czervinske and DiBlasi, 2010). b) In accordance to Short term consequences which are connected with the 2 agonists, certain effects of short term were scrutinized like Tachyphylaxis that is the reduced responsiveness to the medication because of desensitization and down-regulation of the receptors in the tangential lymphocytes and the receptors present in the lungs. There are also some other negative effects considered to be minor such as, metabolic effects, headache, tremor and palpitations which are encountered relating to the quantity of the doe used (Walsh, n.d.). The ICS are the most chosen regimen for therapeutic conditions in case of children chronic asthma and as the provider of the most accessible anti-inflammatory treatment. The use of long term medication of inhaled corticosteroids ascertains potential negative effects especially on the adrenal function, the velocity of growth and the obstruction of linear growth, ocular disorders and osteoporosis. According to various proofs demonstrated that the agent of potent anti-inflammatory suppress the region of hypothalamic-pituitary which is not a sustained effect for a long term as the child reaches the height of normal as in mentioned in the 4a question. Due to the delivery of medicine being quicker after using inhaler than a nebulizer, it is preferred by many. Moreover it is a small device that can be easily carried during emergency and other necessary requirement moment. A device used with metered-dose inhalation in combination for satisfactory inhalation is known as spacer. It is a satisfactory inhalation for individuals who are not comfortable with coordination of hand-breath. However the BBs acute incident managing health team applied both spacer and inhaler ( for administering the B2 inhaled agonist by MDI) only for the reason that they permitted for better medication deliverance by increased inhalation and actuation coordination, infectious haze as it releases inhalation of meter dozed and allows having drugs with no enduring, remain in the mouth. The team of managing dis not utilizes the nebulizer because obvious benefits were not ascertained in comparison to spacer and inhaler. As moisture and warmth is combined with the use of nebulizer, it is often remarked for carrying danger of microbial contamination. In case of asthma that causes threat to life nebulizer becomes valuable when through oxygen the b2 agonist high doses are necessarily controlled. In case of Pediatric urgency, Nebulization becomes less efficient. It becomes hard to control and another disadvantage is that it is expensive cannot be transferred or carried like spacer or meter-dose inhaler and similar devices. The corticosteroid hydrocortisones strategic control helps in recovering during or after and attack of acute asthma with the duration and sternness of the acute attack and it helps to prevent relapse. The Hydrocortisone attains prompts condition of allergy and swelling in the body. In response to an allergen or irritant this hormone is discharged in the body. With the reason of providing corticosteroid to the asthmatics is to make the lining of airways calm which has been influenced by atmospheric change or irritant. When the patient is under the combined treatment for recovery form an attack of acute asthma, it is crucial to control the corticosteroids level in the body since a sudden treatment halt may conclude in shock, vomiting nausea and can eventually conclude in disturbance in the functions of adrenal. The controlling of dosage would reduce the negative effects like adrenal axis of hypothalamic-pituitary, fractures and osteoporosis because of mineralization of bone in low density and developmental disturbance. The subsequent required to be monitored: The rhythm and rate of the cardiac The blood pressure The levels of oxygen concentration and The sounds of chest It is so because they are crucial signs that will alter in retort to the treatment that allows medical practitioner for continuation and adjustments for necessary treatments. References Bae, S., Yang, K., Aryal, D., Kim, Y. and Lee, M. (2009). Pharmacokinetics of amitriptyline and one of its metabolites, nortriptyline, in rats: Little contribution of considerable hepatic first-pass effect to low bioavailability of amitriptyline due to great intestinal first-pass effect.Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 98(4), pp.1587-1601. Banker, M. and Clark, T. (2008). Plasma / Serum Protein Binding Determinations.Current Drug Metabolism, 9(9), pp.854-859. Caldwell, J. (2005). GW280430A: Pharmacodynamics and Potential Adverse Effects.Anesthesiology, 102(4), pp.862-863. Chengliang, T. (2012). Determination of plasma protein binding rate of vitexin.China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica. Doern, G. (2001). Fluoroquinolone Pharmacodynamics and Efficacy.Chest, 120(1), pp.319-320. EL-LAKKANY, N. and NOSSEIR, M. (2007). Pharmacodynamics of pentoxifylline and/or praziquantel in murine schistosomiasis mansoni.APMIS, 115(3), pp.184-194. Hee Lee, Y. (2000). Regional oral absorption, hepatic first-pass effect, and non-linear disposition of salmon calcitonin in beagle dogs.European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, 50(2), pp.205-211. Hui, K. (2012). Determination of plasma protein binding rate of isopropylidene-shikimic acid.China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica. Jusko, W. (2012). Changes to journal of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics.Journal of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, 39(1), pp.1-1. Lemley, C., Wilmoth, T., Tager, L., Krause, K. and Wilson, M. (2010). Effect of a high cornstarch diet on hepatic cytochrome P450 2C and 3A activity and progesterone half-life in dairy cows.Journal of Dairy Science, 93(3), pp.1012-1021. LeWitt, P. (2014). Levodopa therapy for Parkinson's disease: Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics.Movement Disorders, 30(1), pp.64-72. Ra, I. (2014). Results on the Convergence of Braitenberg Vehicle 3a.Artificial Life, 20(2), pp.223-235. Savarese, J. (2005). GW280430A: Pharmacodynamics and Potential Adverse Effects.Anesthesiology, 102(4), pp.863-865. Tominaga, M. (2002). Effect of portal vein embolization on function of the nonembolized lobes of the liver: Evaluation by first-pass hepatic lidocaine extraction in dogs.Surgery, 132(3), pp.424-430. Wright, D. (2000). Application of fluoroquinolone pharmacodynamics.Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 46(5), pp.669-683. Yang, Z. and Rodrigues, A. (2010). Does the Long Plasma Half-Life of 4-Hydroxycholesterol Impact Its Utility as a Cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) Metric?.The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 50(11), pp.1330-1338. YOKOMASU, A., YANO, I., SATO, E., MASUDA, S., KATSURA, T. and INUI, K. (2008). Effect of Intestinal and Hepatic First-pass Extraction on the Pharmacokinetics of Everolimus in Rats.Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, 23(6), pp.469-475. Scully, C. (2008).Oral and Maxillofacial Medicine: The Basis of Diagnosis and Treatment. 2nd ed. Churchill Livingstone, p.408. Seyberth, H., Rane, A. and Schwab, M. (2011).Pediatric Clinical Pharmacology. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. Walsh, B., Czervinske, M. and DiBlasi, R. (2010).Perinatal and pediatric respiratory care. St. Louis, Mo.: Saunders/Elsevier. Walsh, B. (n.d.).Neonatal and pediatric respiratory care.

Current Trends in Global Tourism Industry

Question: Discuss about the Current Trends in Global Tourism Industry. Answer: Introduction: Tourism has off lately become the fastest growing industry and also a primary source of foreign exchange earnings and employment for many countries. It is considered to be the forerunner of growth specifically after the same has been able to generate various employment opportunities both direct and indirect to the people across the globe. Any industry which contributes in removing the issue of unemployment is welcomed in todays scenario as it is a sign of economic development. The paper highlights the role of the tourism industry as an efficient generator of both direct and indirect employment. As stated the spending of the foreign tourists within a country has a long lasting implication on the sector (Prasad, Kulshreshtha, 2015). However the said industry has become a part and parcel of the hospitality segment thus coming way forward from the traditional concept of relating hospitality to only hotel industry. The opportunities for career growth is vast as the hospitality segment ha s a wide array of jobs to offer thus a person can easily switch from one career path to the other as the segment includes within itself hotel management, travel and tourism, casino management and the food and beverage industry as well. The urge to travel has ensured that the said segment become the number one industry for many countries across the globe and the USA is one of them which portrays the tourism sector as the largest service sector. It helps to produce a positive trade balance for the economy of the country thus emerging as one of the largest employers which provides employment to people at various levels depending on their expertise. As per the Travel Industry Association (TIA), the foreign travellers who travel to U.S. spend around $107.9 billion each year and outside the country, the Americans splurge $99.6 billion on tourism. The said industry has been a major contributor to the state and federal revenues as well contributing up to $110 billion in tax revenues. Apart from the revenue it generates for the government entities, the said industry has been named as the largest employer which provides nothing less than $7.9 million jobs and spends $178 billion in direct-travel related payroll. Within the next three years, tourism will become the largest industry in the world. Presently it is the third largest retail industry after automotive and food products in USA (Delener, 2010). The trends prove that the travel industry is expected to see a growth rate of around 5% on a yearly basis on a global basis and by approximately 2% annually in USA. The present trend is seen inclining towards geotourism wherein people prefer to travel to those places which has a better environment, culture and heritage to speak about. The same is being seen within the Americans as well who nowadays are seen to be keen on going to more remote and different locations which has much to talk about history, cultural heritage as well as has propounding scenic beauty. As per a study conducted by TIA and National Geographic Travellers it is understood that 55.1 million American travellers are categorised as geotourists. One can also view a shift in the generation wherein it is expected that by 2020 there would an ageing population of 700 million across the globe. For them travelling is a top priority as they prefer to enjoy their life after working for years in the past and saving money to enjoy. Thus the present trend has shifted from the traditional simple family reunion travel plans to more exciting and leisure related travel. Exploring uncommon plac es along with the shift in the generation who prefer travel more is the crux of the growing trends in the US travel industry. Tourism industry has been able to create employment both directly as well as indirectly thus is rightly called a labour intensive industry. Direct employment connotes opportunities given by hotels, restaurants, travel agencies, tourist information offices, photographers, monuments, airline, guides, cooks and many more. It also provides employment indirectly in the form of the suppliers who give supplies in the restaurants and hotels, construction segment who build various monuments, handicraft manufacturers, accounting services and all those industries which are related to the development of the tourism industry. The US tourism industry created direct employment for 5.3 million job seekers in the year 2014 which out grew the automotive industry by six times and contributed to 8 percent of the national GDP. Further to this data if the indirect and induced employment that tourism offers is added then the number jumps to 13.7 million or around nine percent of the total employment of U.S.A. Indirect employment basically caters to the travel industry supply chain that provides various support services to the travel corporates such as providing high end technology which helps to get quick access to data and relevant information and manufacturers of linen as well. Whereas, induced impact comprises of the value fo the employee of the travel industry who spend locally(Oates, 2015), thus since more and more people are employed they are able to spend on the products being produced locally. The employment that this industry provides is more than the one provided by agriculture, automotive, education, ban king and chemical segments of U.S. The future of this industry is very bright due to the uncontrollable desire of the people to travel and explore the world has been seen increasing at a faster pace. As per the recent data published by the World Travel and Tourism Council, this sector contributes for eight percent of the total job across the world and has the maximum amount of growth potential. It provides a whole gamut of opportunity to those students who enjoy to travel and interact with people. The industry is highly competitive and hence it demands that those who want to pursue a career in this sector should be innovative and be able to develop good communication skills as well. American students are seen to enrol themselves with the community colleges who train them to move ahead in this field with success (Williams, 2015). Lastly it is understood that the current year would show robust growth but for such corporates who have a vision towards innovation. The future is bright only if points such as authenticity of the consumers as well as giving a personal touch to the preferences of the customers are paid heed to. Technology is another area where the future depends. AI, IoT and various mobile applications help to increase the experience of the customers as well (Francis, 2015). Conclusion Thus on a concluding note, it is understood that USA is one of the most benefitted countries across the globe due to the boost the tourism and the hospitality industry has witnessed over the last decade. The travel companies and organizations have an occasion to conceptualise their trade names, The future demands these entities to change their view point of dealing with customers by increasing their awareness about the demands of the customers. Thus it is rightly stated that tourism is one of the most promising sector for generating employment both direct as well as indirect and the said industry is the least expected one to face recession. References: Delener,N., (2010), Current trends in the global tourism industry: evidence from the United States, Available at https://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttextpid=S0034-76122010000500006 (Accessed 14th March 2017) Francis,J., (2015), Travel Trends and Predictions, Available at https://www.responsibletravel.com/resources/future-of-tourism/travel-trends.htm (Accessed 14th March 2017) Oates,G., (2015), New WTTC Report Shows the Tourism Industrys Impact on U.S. Jobs, Available at https://skift.com/2015/08/12/new-wttc-report-shows-tourisms-impact-on-u-s-jobs/ (Accessed 14th April 2017) Prasad,N., Kulshreshtha,M., (2015), Employment generation in tourism industry : an input-output analysis, The Indian Journal of Labour Economics, vol. 58, no.4, pp. 563-575 Williams,L.L., (2015), Is a Career in Hospitality and Tourism in Your Future, Available at https://www.internationalstudentguidetotheusa.com/articles/is-a-career-in-hospitality-and-tourism-in-your-future.htm (Accessed 14th April 2017)

NIVEA Companys Product Strategy

Nivea is an established brand in the manufacture of high quality beauty products. Beiersdorf is the company that markets the product range. NIVEA VISAGE Young is one of the new products in the Nivea product range. To ensure that the market embraces the product, Nivea developed an efficient market mix. The market mix helped in reaching the target market. in addition, the marketing mix enabled the company to achieve its marketing objectives.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on NIVEA Company’s Product Strategy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is vital for companies to produce products that satisfy the needs of their customers. Choosing the right product is the first step in the development of the marketing mix. In creating a product strategy, a company should choose the right brand name, packaging, colors, and warranty (Gitman McDaniel, 2008). This would ensure that the product meets the current and futu re expectations of the customers. NIVEA VISAGE Young targeted young girls aged between 13 and 19 years. NIVEA VISAGE Young would be the first skin care product that the teenage girls used. The company packaged the product in smooth colors, which were attractive to teenage girls. This increased the sales of the product since most teenage girls buy beauty products when they are out with their friends. The girls’ mothers also buy the product for their daughters. NIVEA VISAGE Young enhanced the skin and beauty of the teenage girls. The sole purpose of the existence of any company is to satisfy the needs of its customers. Therefore, it is vital for a company to ensure that it understands the needs of the customers. This would help in the formulation of products that meet the needs of the customers. Companies usually use uniqueness to differentiate their products (Peppers Rogers, 2010). NIVEA VISAGE Young strives to meet the needs of its target market. To this end, Beiersdorf cond ucted a market research to determine the market needs prior to the re-launch of the product. Beiersdorf developed a marketing mix that would enable NIVEA VISAGE Young to conquer the market. The company undertook a market research to determine the needs of the target market prior to the re-launch of the product. This necessitated the company to undertake several changes on the packaging, formula of some products, and product descriptions. In addition, the company introduced two new products.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The market research helped in the determination of the right price of the product. Nivea set a price that enabled customers to get value for their money. Nivea did not make the product be unaffordable to the target market. Wrong pricing of a product reduces the competitiveness of a product. This is despite the fact that the product may be of high quali ty. In addition, it is vital for a company to use proper distribution channels. The distribution channels determine the accessibility of the product to the target market. Nivea distributed approximately 65% of NIVEA VISAGE Young via large high street shops. The company distributed the remaining 35% of the product via large grocery stores that stocked beauty products. Nivea focused on below-the-line promotion, which helped in building relationships with customers. This is because below-the-line promotion involved communicating directly with consumers. It is vital for a company to balance the four elements of the marketing mix. This is because all elements of the marketing mix have equal importance. Balancing the elements of the marketing mix helps in ensuring that all elements relate to each other. Nivea uses both the traditional and modern methods in the marketing mix. The company distributes NIVEA VISAGE Young via high street shops. This is a traditional method of distributing high -end products. On the other hand, the company uses the social media to promote the product. Social media is a modern method of promotion. It is vital for Nivea to ensure that NIVEA VISAGE Young is desirable. The price of the product should be affordable to the target market. Product promotion enables customers to have knowledge of the existence of the product. In addition, proper distribution channels enable consumers to access the product easily. Therefore, balancing the marketing mix enables the target group to receive the message of NIVEA VISAGE Young in the right manner. Balancing the marketing mix also helps in product positioning (Blythe, 2006). Nivea strives to form relationships with its customers. Formation of good relationships with the teenagers would enable the company to create and acquire loyal customers who may use other products of the company when they enter adulthood. The company uses all elements of the marketing mix to form good relationships with the teenagers. In addition, Nivea strives to portray the use of its beauty products as a lifestyle. This improves Nivea’s brand name. Nivea is a popular brand name in the manufacture of skin care products. Nivea developed a marketing mix to market NIVEA VISAGE Young. Balancing the marketing mix enabled the message of the product to reach of the right audience in the right manner. This helped in the creation of a pool of loyal customers who may be willing to buy other products of the company.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on NIVEA Company’s Product Strategy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More References Blythe, J. (2006). Principles practice of marketing. Mason, OH: Cengage Learning. Gitman, L.J. McDaniel, C.D. (2008). The future of business: The essentials. Mason, OH: Cengage Learning. Peppers, D. Rogers, M. (2010). Managing customer relationships: A strategic framework. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley Sons. This case study on NIVEA Company’s Product Strategy was written and submitted by user Patience O. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Experience-Based Learning Samples - Writing Great Essays

Experience-Based Learning Samples - Writing Great EssaysExperience-based learning samples are essential for anyone looking to improve their essay writing skills. These free essay samples show you how to construct a meaningful essay using resources found within an essay. The resources should be demonstrated to you, and can come in a number of forms, but the one thing they all have in common is that they are experiences. When you use these examples to create your essay, you are being able to bring your own experiences to the forefront, and let them help create your own experience.When we think about the experience-based learning samples, we tend to think of a lot of things. For example, maybe you can think of anything that has ever happened to you in a life. Maybe it was your first kiss, or a pet peeve, or something totally new and different. In the experience-based learning samples, you are helping yourself through the process of thinking, and this is a fantastic way to help move alon g through the essay writing process. You can use a few different samples of experience-based learning as well, to test out different aspects of the essay.What you will find in these experience-based learning samples is a range of information, from different perspectives on the same subject matter. Perhaps a mother will give you a real life experience, where her child is involved in a car accident. This could include her trying to get a hold of her child, or perhaps being able to see her child after the accident. The mother's experiences with her child will also be a great example of how she navigates and manages situations. Another example might be from a father, who will describe his son's struggle with drugs, in hopes of guiding others on how to approach or even get their child off drugs.You might have some questions, or a handful of questions, after taking in the experience-based learning samples, and this is where a second set of essays comes into play. You can again make use of the experience-based learning samples, but you can use these as additional essays to help you with your essay. You might also use a number of different essay topics, in order to get a clear picture of the question at hand.In terms of the essay itself, you might want to consider making use of the free essay examples. This is a great idea, as the experiences that you have can show you how to construct a meaningful essay, even when your essay is not completely structured. Additionally, if you are having trouble with a particular topic, you can use these samples to help you get your essay rolling. In short, this is a very powerful and essential tool for you to have when writing a good essay.As mentioned, there are plenty of different essay topics that you can use for free to help you when you are trying to write your essay. Some examples might include a child's day, or perhaps a graduation. For instance, you might have a friend that has been going through a difficult time in his life r ecently, or perhaps it is that dreaded final exam that you must get through. Maybe it is a career change, or perhaps it is an experience that an individual is going through in life.No matter what the topic of the good essay is, the format and style will depend on you. The free practice essay examples should be helpful and should help you gain insight into how you should structure your essay. You might find that you can't build on any information, or that you can't form an entire sentence, or even a paragraph. However, as long as you take it in pieces, and take the time to write each section for yourself, you will soon be able to form your own style of essay.These free essay examples can be a great way to practice how to write a good essay, especially for those who haven't spent much time practicing. They are free, and they are easy to use, so take advantage of this as soon as possible.

Sir Robert Peel Paper Essays

Sir Robert Peel Paper Essays Sir Robert Peel Paper Essay Sir Robert Peel Paper Essay Essay Topic: Watchmen The job of a police officer is very difficult, it has evolved from just an ordinary individual with no experience and no uniform that kept watch of live stock by walking at night with fire torches to an individual that needs to be able to function under pressure patrolling the streets of our communities in uniforms with a marked vehicle and not to mention to receive income for their services. Police has evolved overtime; in this paper I will describe the impact of Sir Robert Peel on the evolution of policing and its history. Sir Robert Peel Paper Sir Robert Peel (1788-1850) updated Englands criminal code. He established the first modern police force in London, whose members were nicknamed after him bobbies. Sir Robert Peel wanted a police force that would provide citizens with â€Å"the full and complete protection of the law†andâ€Å"check the increase of crime. † Sir Robert Peel pushed through the legislation an act called the Metropolitan Police Act of 1829, thus able to accomplish his dream of creating a police force. Under the term of the Metropolitan Act of 1829 the London Metropolitan Police was formed, it was one thousand members strong and all members were easily recognized due to their uniforms that included blue coats and top hats. Sir Robert Peel’s â€Å"bobbies† had four specific operating philosophies; the first one was to reduce tension and conflict between law enforcement officers and the public, the second one was to use nonviolence means in keeping the peace, therefore the bobbies did not carry firearms, the third one was to relieve the military from certain duties, such as controlling urban violence, and the fourth one was to be judged on the absence of crime rather than through high-visibility of police actions. The out come of this was so successful that it was soon implemented in smaller towns in England and the United States there after. Following the American Revolution law enforcement nearly copied the English system. Constables, night watchmen, and sheriffs were appointed; the role of the sheriff was  law enforcement and the apprehension of criminals, serving warrants and subpoenas and maintaining the local jails. The sheriff’s responsibilities extended beyond law enforcement and it included collecting taxes and monitoring the system of cattle branding. American metropolitan areas began to form reactive patrol units. In 1833, Philadelphia became the first city to employ both day and night watchman, following that and working from Sir Robert Peel’s model, Boston formed the first organized police department, consisting o six full-time officers. As the history of police progressed in the United States you can divided police history into 3 different ears. Kelling and Moore (1991) describes the eras as, one; the Political Era, two; the Reform Era, and three; the Community Era. During the Political Era (1840-1930) many police officers saw their positions as opportunities to make extra income. Bribery was common; a police officer would request â€Å"favors† which went into the police officers pockets or into the coffers of the local political party as contributions. The Political Era also saw police officers taking an active role in providing social services for their bosses’. † (1) Politicians realized they can attract more votes by offering social services to citizens than b y arresting them. In 1929 President Herbert Hoover appointed the national Commission on Law Observance and Enforcement to assess the American criminal justice system. The Wickersham Commission was created and was named after its chairman, George Wickersham. The commission focused on two areas of American policing that was in need of reform: one; police brutality and two; the corrupting influence of politics. This was when the Reform Era came into existence. According to the commission â€Å"the reform should come about through higher personnel standards, centralized police administrations, and the increased use of technology† (2) During the Reform Era, police chiefs took more control over their departments, adding midlevel positions to the force. Police chiefs also tried to strengthen their power by bringing larger areas of a city under their control; this would not allow negative influences from politicians or neighborhoods. Finally, the Community Era in which we are currently in; the Omnibus Crime Control Act plays a major role, under this act the federal government provides state and local police departments with funds to create police-community programs. An example of a program is officer-friendly referral operations, this program encourage citizens to come to the police with their crime concerns. The primary function of the police is to continue to control crime while providing a broader range of social services some of the tactics they us can include foot patrol or public relations, this will allow the officer to interact with the community. Thus, to days police responsibilities include, one; to enforce laws, two; to provide service, three; to prevent crime, and four; to preserve the peace. Reference Law Enforcement in the 21st Century, Second Edition, by Heath B. Grant and Karen J. Terry. Chapter 2 1) Mark H. Haller, â€Å"Chicago Cops, 1890-1925,† in Thinking about Police, ed. Carl Klockars and Stephen Mastrofski (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1990),90. 2) William J. Bopp and Donald O. Shultz, A Short History of American Law Enforcement (Springfield, IL: Charles C Thomas, 1977), 109-110. Very nice job on the paper and you covered all of the points with excellence. Full credit of 5 points. On your references, do not number them, just put in alphabetical order.

Why do other countries out rank the US academically Research Paper

Why do other countries out rank the US academically - Research Paper Example This becomes worsened by gadgets that can calculate and convert units of measurements with a press of a button. As a result, people lose touch with their academic background. Studies have shown that most Americans cannot convert units of measurement (Unger 88). Various organization rank students of different countries bases on academic performance. Due to the different educational requirements in different countries and curriculum variation, Math and Science avail the only common basis for comparison between American students and students from other nations. The Third International mathematics and science Study that includes results collected from over half a million students in more than 41 nations gets used as a benchmark to assess and compare the effectiveness of the various educational systems. Students from the industrialized European nations, Canada, Asia, the U.S and New Zealand got involved in the study. The study showed that students going to school under unimaginably tough conditions in third world countries like Costa Rica perform way better than American students (Bradshaw 111). Literacy levels in these developing nations are much higher than those in the industrialized nations. America ranked poorly in the study, behind countries like India and Brazil. Analysis showed that American students in the fourth grade perform below average. Middle school students ranked worse than their fourth grade counterparts, whereas high school students lacked the ability to compete academically. The standards set by high school students from other countries were too high, and there was no competition because American high school students were no match. Upon completion of high school education where students are ready to join higher education or the job market, American students perform poorly as compared to their peers in the Diasporas (Her 67). With the amount of funding that the American

Attitudes Toward Autism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Attitudes Toward Autism - Essay Example The data available with the survey has made use of the one-way ANOVA test and compared the ethnicities of users with their responses to the question of whether they personally knew a person known to suffer from Autism. In this context, it is assumed that the respondents’ answers were considered with the assumption that personally knowing someone with Autism was equivalent to the presence of such suffering individuals within friends and family. The one-way ANOVA test presented the following outputs results. The purpose of the ANOVA test in this context is to identify variations over the extent to which different ethnicities are aware of the existence of Autism within their communities. The null hypothesis assumes that there is no difference amongst the various ethnic groups over the presence of Autism. However, the ANOVA analysis presents a significance value (0.000), which is less than the confidence levels of 0.05, leading to a rejection of the null hypothesis. This establishes that different ethnicities have different opinions and knowledge over the existence of Autism within their groups. The above tests still provide a significance value well below the confidence intervals ( The reason for choosing the Games Howell post-hoc test was due to fact that it does not rely on homogeneity of variance. SPSS marks significant differences with an asterisk as shown in the figure above. From the figure, it is clearly evident that the understanding of existence of Autism varies significantly amongst the different groups. Most importantly, there were significant differences observed between different groups including Afro-Caribbean &